Gramatikos ir Žodyno Gidas • Grammar & Vocabulary Guide
Akademinė lietuvių kalbos programa: 7 linksniai, skiemenų kirtčiavimas, rašyba, nosinės ir interaktyvus tarimas.
Industry-standard Lithuanian grammar: 7 noun cases, syllable stress, diacritics rules, verb conjugations, and dual-speed audio.
Vardininkas
Klausimas: Kas? (Who? What?)
The dictionary subject of a sentence doing the action.
Kirčio taisyklė: Nominative singular nouns in -as, -ė, -a typically keep stress on the root or penultimate syllable.
Tomas yra studentas, o Ieva yra dėstytoja.
/TO-mas EE-ra stoo-DEN-tas, o YEH-va EE-ra dace-tee-TO-ya/
Tomas is a student, and Ieva is a lecturer.
💡 Initial stress on "TO-mas" and "IE-va". Penultimate stress on "stu-DEN-tas" and "dės-ty-TO-ja".
Kilmininkas
Klausimas: Ko? (Of whom? Of what? From where?)
Origin after "iš" (from), proximity after "prie" (near), possession, negation (nėra), and quantity.
Kirčio taisyklė: After "iš" (from) and "prie" (near), genitive forms frequently carry mobile stress to the case ending or root.
Aš esu iš Lietuvos, o bankas yra prie pašto.
/ash eh-SOO ish lyeh-too-VOS, o BAN-kas EE-ra pryeh PASH-to/
I am from Lithuania, and the bank is near the post office.
💡 Stress shifts to the ending in "lie-tu-VOS" (genitive of Lietuvà). Root stress in "BAN-kas" and "PAŠ-to".
Naudininkas
Klausimas: Kam? (To/for whom?)
Indirect objects, giving/helping, and expressing liking ("patinka man / tau").
Kirčio taisyklė: Dative singular masculine "-ui/-iui" and feminine "-ai/-ei" denote recipient or indirect beneficiary.
Ačiū tau ir dėstytojui už pagalbą.
/AH-choo TOW eer dace-tee-TO-yoo-ee oozh pah-GAHL-bah/
Thank you to you and to the lecturer for help.
💡 Falling tone on "Á-čiū". Dative ending "-ui" in "dės-ty-TO-jui" is unaccented, keeping stress on root "-to-".
Galininkas
Klausimas: Ką? (Whom? What? / When?)
Direct object, destinations with "į" and "pas", and time expressions (days, hours: pirmadienį, penktą valandą).
Kirčio taisyklė: The accusative endings -ą, -ę, -į, -ų represent historical nasals pronounced as pure long vowels /aː, eː, iː, uː/.
Penktadienį mes einame į teatrą ir pas draugą.
/penk-tah-DYEH-nee mes AY-nah-meh ee teh-AHT-rah eer pahs DROW-gah/
On Friday we go to the theater and to a friend's place.
💡 Notice the nasal vowels ą, į are pronounced long, NOT nasal. Accent falls on "DIE-nį", "EI-na-me", "te-AT-rą".
Įnagininkas
Klausimas: Kuo? Su kuo? (With what/whom? By means of what?)
Accompaniment with "su" (with), means of transport/payment ("mokėti kortele").
Kirčio taisyklė: Instrumental with "su" (with) or payment indicates tool/instrument; short "-u", "-e" endings are quick.
Norėčiau kavos su pienu ir mokėti kortele.
/noh-RAY-chyow kah-VOS soo PYEH-noo eer moh-KAY-tee kor-TEH-leh/
I would like coffee with milk and to pay by card.
💡 Diphthong "-ie-" in "PIE-nu" takes the acute stress. "kor-TE-le" stresses the penultimate syllable "-te-".
Vietininkas
Klausimas: Kur? Kame? (Where? In what?)
Location in a city, country, building, room or street.
Kirčio taisyklė: Location in a place ("Kur?"): endings -e, -yje, -oje, -ėje, -uje indicate inside a city, country, or building.
Aš gyvenu Vilniuje, o bendrabutis yra centre.
/ash gee-veh-NOO VEEL-nyoo-yeh, o ben-drah-BOO-tees EE-ra tsen-TREH/
I live in Vilnius, and the dormitory is in the city center.
💡 Locative "-e" in "cen-TRÈ" is stressed. Locative "-yje" / "-uje" in "vil-NIU-je" keeps stress on the root.
Šauksmininkas
Klausimas: Kreipimasis! (Direct address!)
Calling or greeting someone directly by name or title.
Kirčio taisyklė: Direct address: masculine -as becomes -ai, -ius becomes -iau, title ponas becomes pone.
Laba diena, pone Jonai! Sveikas, Pauliau!
/lah-BAH dyeh-NAH, POH-neh YOH-nye! SVAY-kahs, POW-lyow/
Good day, Mr. Jonas! Hello, Paulius!
💡 Direct address: both words in "la-BÀ die-NÀ" take final stress. Names in vocative: "JO-nai" (-ai) and "PAU-liau" (-iau).
Test your knowledge of the 7 Noun Cases
Practice identifying Genitive of origin, Accusative direct objects, and Instrumental transports.